Ingredient Glossary
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Glossary of Active Ingredients: |
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Glossary of Active Ingredients:
Alpha Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant that is naturally found in mitochondria--the energy-producing structures inside cells. It is a more powerful antioxidant than the fat-soluble Vitamin E and the water-soluble Vitamin C it works synergistically with because Alpha Lipoic Acid is both fat- AND water-soluble. Research in horses shows it has the ability to reduce oxidative stress. Because it also stimulates the movement of blood sugar across membranes and into cells, it helps increase insulin sensitivity and lower high blood sugar.
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) is a plant traditionally used by American Indians as a general tonic, natural restorative for the weak and wounded, and to help the mind. It is believed to act as an “adaptogen,” a substance that normalizes body functions, strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a wide variety of stressful influences. Research shows the plant’s active ingredients—ginsenosides—may help regulate blood sugar and restore proper metabolism.
Arabinogalactan is a polysaccharide, or, complex carbohydrate, found
in a variety of plants. Approved as a dietary source of fiber in people
by the FDA, it is also considered a "prebiotic" because it can be used
as a food source by the beneficial bacteria in the large intestine.
Research is ongoing as to the compound's ability to stimulate the immune
system.
Arginine is an essential amino acid in horses. It is required for the
removal of ammonia (a toxic by-product) from the body and the release of
certain hormones, and plays a role in wound healing and immune function.
It is a precursor to many other compounds such as creatine, which is
important in muscle, and nitric oxide, which is important in blood
vessels. Specifically, nitric oxide signals the smooth muscle of blood
vessels to relax, resulting in increased blood flow to certain areas.
Astralagus (Astragalus membranaceus) is an herb that has been used
in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. It is believed
to act as an "adaptogen," a substance that normalizes body functions,
strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a wide
variety of stressful influences. Astralagus exerts positive effects
throughout the body, but is most valued for its ability to impart
natural disease resistance through the immune system.
ASU stands for Avocado Soy Unsaponifiables. In a recent study of
horses with osteoarthritis, supplementing with ASU significantly reduced
the severity of articular cartilage breakdown and joint membrane
bleeding. It also significantly increased the production of natural
chondroitin sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans.
Banaba is a plant containing the active substance corosilic acid which is thought to act like insulin. That is, it promotes the uptake of sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream and into body cells. Banaba is used worldwide to increase insulin sensitivity and lower high blood sugar.
BCAA or, Branched Chain Amino Acids, include leucine, isoleucine and valine. Limited research in horses suggests these specific amino acids are mobilized during exercise and used by the body for energy. This preserves muscle glycogen and other, structural amino acids. BCAAs are therefore believed to delay the onset of fatigue and prevent muscle breakdown especially during aerobic exercise, particularly endurance events.
Beta Glucan (Oat), is the soluble fiber found in oats, barley and
possibly other cereal grains. Numerous studies in humans have shown it
to be the agent in oatmeal that reduces serum cholesterol. Beta Glucan
also moderates the release of sugars from the digestive system into the
bloodstream. Maintaining a steady state of blood sugar is critical in
humans with diabetes and horses with insulin resistance. Beta Glucan
also helps sugars and starches be digested earlier in the GI system of
the horse, reducing the negative effects of starch in the hind gut.
Betaine (Trimethylglycine) is a product of choline, a Vitamin B-like substance. People take Betaine to prevent heart disease because it lowers the levels of the toxic compound homocysteine. In horses, it has been shown to reduce lactic acid build-up following exercise in untrained animals. Betaine is also recognized as an “osmolyte,” or, a substance which protects cells against osmotic stress. This type of stress occurs when the concentration of molecules outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell and water flows out, causing the cell to shrink and possibly die.
Biotin is a member of the B-vitamin family and, like some other vitamins, is a co-enzyme for several metabolic pathways. It is vital to the growth of strong, healthy hooves due to its role in collagen formation. A number of research studies show that long-term, daily supplementation of Biotin improves the growth rate and hardness of hooves, especially in horses with less than optimum quality hoof horn (soft, brittle, chipped). In addition, because it is a component of the enzyme responsible for the utilization of glucose by the liver, it may support proper insulin and glucose levels.
Bitter melon (Momordica charantia), also known as balsam pear or Chinese cucumber, is a plant containing substances proven to lower blood sugar. The mechanism of action is still under debate, but the active components of Bitter Melon appear to be similar in structure to insulin and could work by affecting insulin signaling to cells. In addition to its affects on metabolism, Bitter Melon also appears to have anticancer and antiviral properties.
Bioflavonoids, or flavonoids, are
a group of plant pigments that act as antioxidants to protect cells from the damaging
effects of free radicals (which are released due to injury, stress or illness).
They are believed to help the body respond to allergies, inflammation, infections
and even cancer.
Boswellia is an herb whose
active ingredients are said to interfere with the enzymes that contribute to inflammation
and pain. By inhibiting lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, Boswellia may act as an
anti-inflammatory and pain reliever.
Bromelain is a protein-digesting enzyme found in pineapples that may aid in digestion as well as reduce pain and inflammation. Numerous studies in humans have shown Bromelain and other enzymes to be effective in speeding up recovery from exercise and injury, as well as from surgical procedures. There is evidence that some of the enzyme may be absorbed from the GI system intact and enter into the systemic circulation, where it may have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving actions on joints, muscle and connective tissue.
Calcium (Ca) is a macromineral found in highest amounts in bone and teeth. However, it also has important roles in muscle contraction, cell membranes, blood clotting, enzyme regulation and hormone release. Absorption of Calcium from the small intestine is controlled by Vitamin D but can be reduced if there is too much Phosphorus in the diet. Ideally, horses should receive slightly more Calcium than Phosphorus—a ratio between 1:1 to 2:1 is probably safe. Pregnant and lactating mares, growing horses and exercising horses may need more dietary Calcium than an adult horse at rest.
L-Carnitine is an amino acid that transports fat into mitochondria for aerobic oxidation and energy generation. By enhancing the body's use of fat for energy and therefore sparing muscle glycogen, Carnitine may provide benefits during aerobic exercise, particularly endurance events.
Cetyl Myristoleate is a unique fatty acid (Omega-5) discovered by a research chemist at the National Institute of Health (NIH) that is used for both joint inflammation and pain. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, it has been suggested that Cetyl Myristoleate may inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipooxygenase (LOX) pathways, decreasing production of inflammatory and pain mediators. It can be obtained from animal or plant sources. However, the animal source (beef tallow), provides a higher percentage of active ingredient than the plant source, requiring a much smaller serving size.
Chamomile is known as “the calming herb,” although it has many uses both internally and externally in people and animals. It is classified as a nervine because it is an herb with specific actions on the nervous system. Because of its anti-spasm and anti-inflammatory properties, it is especially helpful for horses that process anxiety through their intestinal system (diarrhea, colic, weight loss).
Chloride (Cl) is a macromineral commonly referred to as an electrolyte because it helps maintain the body’s acid/base balance and hydration status. It is also commonly referred to as “salt” when combined with its partner Sodium. Chloride is an essential component of two intestinal secretions necessary for digestion and absorption of nutrients: bile and hydrochloric acid (HCL), better known as “stomach acid.” When the horse’s Sodium needs are met, its Chloride needs are usually also met.
Choline is an essential nutrient that is a precursor
of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter). Has indications for concentration, memory
and muscle performance and prevents fat build-up in the liver.
Chondroitin Sulfate is not only the building block of the much larger molecules hyaluronic acid (HA) and proteoglycan (PG) it also inhibits the effects of various enzymes that degrade cartilage. Research has shown that chondroitin sulfate is bioavailable in the horse and that it appears to work synergistically with glucosamine to stimulate new cartilage production and inhibit cartilage breakdown.
Chromium (Cr) is a trace mineral which works
with insulin to regulate blood sugar. There may be a relationship between Cr deficiency
and insulin resistance. Supplementing with Cr has been shown to increase fat loss
and increase lean muscle mass.
Cinnamon is a plant whose bark and oil contain an active ingredient recently discovered to mimic the effects of insulin. The compound MHCP has been shown in numerous studies to lower blood sugar (glucose) by enhancing the movement of sugar from the blood and into cells. By helping insulin work better, Cinnamon may be beneficial in cases of insulin resistance.
Citrulline is an amino acid that the body can convert to another amino
acid, arginine. Because arginine is a precursor to nitric oxide,
citrulline is also considered a precursor to nitric oxide. Nitric
oxide signals the smooth muscle of blood vessels to relax, resulting in
increased blood flow to certain areas.
Cobalt (Co) is a micromineral used by intestinal microorganisms to produce Vitamin B12, which works with Iron and Copper to form healthy red blood cells. It is of minor interest because this is its only role in the body, no known cases of deficiency or toxicity have been reported, and horses take in all the Cobalt they need from their normal diets.
Collagen is the main structural
protein found in the connective tissues of the body (skin, bones, cartilage, tendons,
ligaments). Hydrolyzed collagen protein (gelatin) is a modified form that has been
broken down into smaller pieces making it easier to digest and absorb. Collagen
and gelatin are inexpensive ingredients used to support joint health, nourish bones
and the tendons and ligaments surrounding them, and aid in recovery from exercise
and injury.
Copper (Cu) is a micromineral required for production of normal connective tissues including tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone. As a component of many enzyme systems, it is also involved in making Iron available to the body for blood, in producing skin and coat pigments, in proper nerve signaling and in repairing antioxidants. Low Copper levels in mares and foals have been implicated in developmental orthopedic disease (DOD) including osteochrondrosis (OCD).
Creatine is a component of creatine phosphate (CP), known as the storage form of quick energy. CP is stored in muscles where it helps regenerate ATP, the main source of cellular energy, by replacing Phosphorous molecules as they are released. Numerous human studies have demonstrated positive effects of Creatine supplementation for sports requiring repeated bouts of high intensity exercise (ie anerobic activities).
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Devil’s Claw is a South African herb (Harpagophytum procumbens) that is used for pain and inflammation of bone, joints and other tissues. Data from 14 clinical trials in people conducted over the last 40 years suggest Devil’s Claw is effective in the reduction of pain associated with osteoarthritis and is associated with minor risk, when compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs). Because it contains “bitters” as an active ingredient, which encourages appetite but stimulates the secretion of stomach acids, it should be used with caution in animals at risk for GI ulcers.
DHA (docosahexanoic acid) is a specific kind of omega-3 fatty acid that is only found in marine-based sources such as fish oil and algae. DHA is the most abundant fatty acid in the brain and retina, and studies in humans and dogs have shown improvement in brain function when supplemented with DHA. Studies in horses have shown that stallions with fertility issues benefited significantly when supplemented with DHA.
Diatomaceous Earth
is a whitish powder made up of the fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of prehistoric, hard-shelled algae. It has many uses in our society, and is approved by the EPA as a pesticide and the USDA as an anti-caking agent for animal feed. Some owners feed Diatomaceous Earth to their horses to eliminate internal parasites and reduce fly loads, since the sharp edges are said to penetrate the outer covering of worms and insects allowing the powder to absorb inner liquids, causing dehydration and death.
DMG (Dimethylglycine) is a naturally occurring substance
in the body and in many foods, but in low levels. Supplementing with this readily
absorbed ingredient makes additional DMG available to cells throughout the body,
where it is involved in energy production processes that use oxygen. DMG is used
to enhance muscle metabolism (especially in horses prone to tying-up), boost the
immune system and also serves as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.
Echinacea, or purple coneflower, was a popular medicinal herb among Native Americans and early American physicians. It is still widely used by people today to shorten the duration and severity of respiratory infections such as colds and flu. Research in horses shows that not only does Echinacea stimulate the immune system, it is also a blood building agent. Healthy horses that received the herb had higher levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin and white blood cells.
EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) is a specific kind of omega-3 fatty acid that is only found in marine-based sources such as fish oil and algae. The NIH (National Institutes of Health) lists a large number of conditions in humans in which EPA and other omega-3s are thought to be effective, such as cardiovascular disease, arthritis, asthma and others. EPA is believed to work by suppressing production of inflammatory agents in the body such as cyclooxygenase.
Fenugreek is the number one preferred flavor in horses, and is added to
supplements and feeds to stimulate appetite. This herb contains a
soluble fiber known as mucilage which may slow the digestion and
absorption of food from the intestine. Fenugreek may reduce blood sugar
and support healthy metabolic function in insulin resistant horses.
Gamma Oryzanol is a natural,
hormone-like substance found in rice bran. It may have muscle building properties
in horses, helping hard keepers put on weight and equine athletes improve performance.
In order for muscle to build properly with the use of Gamma Oryzanol, high-quality
protein must be fed and there must be an active training program.
Garlicis one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world, its use dating back thousands of years to the Egyptians. It has an extremely complex chemistry—over 160 different compounds have been identified—which helps explain why it is recommended for everything from cardiovascular disease to infections to cancer. Many horse owners feed garlic to deter biting insects. While the amount of garlic in most supplements is well under the safe upper limit, horses that eat too much of this herb can develop anemia.
Gelatin: See Collagen
Ginger is a plant that has been used for thousands of years in Asia primarily as a digestive aid to prevent nausea, vomiting and stomach ache. Other positive effects in humans include reducing cholesterol and preventing platelet clumping, helpful in preventing cardiovascular disease. Ginger may also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Gingko biloba is one of the oldest living tree species and has been called a “living fossil” because it predates the Ice Age. Over 40 different components have been identified in its leaves, but it is most valued for its flavonoids and terpenoids, potent antioxidants with a particular affinity for central nervous system (CNS). Ginkgo is the world’s most used treatment for memory loss and degenerative disease of the brain and CNS, especially age-related decline. Because it also dilates blood vessels and reduces clotting, it increases circulation to all parts of the body, acting as an overall tonic that aids in a wide variety of conditions.
Glucosamine is the building block of chondroitin sulfate, a specific type of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Current research suggests glucosamine has two beneficial actions in joints. Not only does it increase the production of new GAGs and therefore new cartilage, glucosamine has also been shown to inhibit the free radicals and enzymes that break down cartilage. This small but complex molecule has an important role in both the production and protection of joints.
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L-Glutamine is the most abundant amino
acid in the body, especially in muscle tissue. Although it is not an essential amino
acid, there is such great demand for its use in the body that production may not
be able to keep up with consumption, so supplementing may be necessary. Glutamine
is involved in more metabolic processes than any other amino acid, including building
muscle, repairing intestinal tissue and enhancing the immune system.
Glycine is one of the simplest amino acids and is classified as nonessential because it does not need to be supplied in the diet. However, this compact substance plays many essential roles in the body. Best known as a neurotransmitter, Glycine makes up 35% of the protein collagen, is a key component in many metabolic reactions, and has anti-inflammatory as well as immune-modulating properties. Recently, it has been shown to inhibit gastric secretions and protect gastric mucosa against chemical and stress-induced ulcers.
Glutathione is a small protein with antioxidant activity in the body. As a component of the Selenium-dependent Glutathione peroxidase system, it not only scavenges free radicals but also recycles or “refreshes” other antioxidants such as Vitamin E and Vitamin C. It has been shown that as cells age, their levels of Glutathione decrease, which may contribute to cell death and certain disease conditions.
Grape Seed Extract (GSE) is the most concentrated form of the antioxidants present in grapes. Known as proanthocyanidins which simply means “producing a red pigment,” the health benefits of grapes have been recognized for thousands of years. Today, research in humans shows that red wine or grape juice may have protective effects against the specific damage to cells caused by high amounts of sugar and fat in the blood. It appears that the antioxidants in grape seed and skin work cooperatively with Vitamin E to neutralize free radicals.
Gymnema sylvestri: Gymnema sylvestri is a plant containing two main active components. One controls sugar cravings and therefore weight gain by neutralizing the sweet flavor of sugar on the tongue, and the other helps to control high blood sugar. It is unclear whether Gymnema works by preventing sugar from being absorbed from the digestive tract, stimulating insulin release, or functioning at a higher level in the body.
Hawthorn (Crataegus species) is a plant that has been used around
the globe as a "cardio tonic." In the early 20th century, it was the
mainstay of heart disease treatment by physicians. Hawthorn has
specifically been used in people to strengthen contractions of the
heart, regulate the heart beat, and improve blood flow to the heart,
brain and extremities. It is used in horses for limb conditions that
may benefit from better circulation, such as arthritis, laminitis and
navicular disease.
HMB (also known as Beta-hydroxy Beta-methylbutyrate) is related to the amino acid leucine and is a popular supplement among bodybuilders. Studies in humans suggest it may increase lean muscle mass in two different ways: by blocking pathways that degrade muscle cell protein and by directly stimulating new protein synthesis. Because it may help prevent muscle breakdown and facilitate muscle repair, it may be especially useful to horses in heavy training.
Hops is most recognized as the flavoring agent in beer. However, this herb has also been used for centuries to relieve nervous tension, anxiety, irritability and other mood disturbances and therefore is classified as a nervine, or, an herb with specific actions on the nervous system. In humans, it has been shown to aid in sleep disturbances such as insomnia. In horses, it is most useful for those that process anxiety in the head and become distracted and unfocused.
Hyaluronic Acid ,or HA, is an integral component of joint cartilage and joint fluid, providing both lubrication and shock absorption. Hyaluronic acid is what makes joint fluid “sticky.” Because it blocks inflammatory reactions, protecting cells in the joint, HA is especially useful in acute situations as well as flare-ups of chronic joint conditions.
Inositol is closely related
to the B-vitamin family and is found in nearly every cell in the body. Because of
its location within the cell membrane, it plays two major roles: transporting fats
and assisting in nerve transmission. By participating in the action of serotonin,
a neurotransmitter whose brain levels are known to be a factor in anxiety, inositol
may be helpful in nervous horses.
Iodine (I) is a micromineral whose only known function is as part of the thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Like Selenium and most other microminerals, the margin between safe and toxic dietary levels is small. Unfortunately, too much Iodine and too little Iodine both result in the same clinical sign—and enlarged thyroid gland or “goiter.” Although Iodine requirements increase slightly for exercising horses as well as mares and foals, determine if your horse is already receiving enough Iodine from the diet before supplementing.
Iron (Fe) is a micromineral found in the hemoglobin of red blood cells (RBCs), the myoglobin of muscle cells, and various enzyme systems. Many horsemen supplement Iron to enhance energy levels and performance, but Iron deficiency in horses is rare and increasing Iron in the body has not been shown to improve RBCs or athletic ability. Because horses usually receive plenty of Iron in their diets, and because excess Iron in the body can cause deficiencies of other microminerals, it should only be supplemented when anemia due to Iron deficiency has been verified by a veterinarian through bloodwork.
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Licorice is one of the most widely used
herbs for people and animals in both Western and Chinese medicine. Sweet and soothing,
licorice is used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, expectorant and other healing
activities. The deglycyrrhized form is preferred because it has less side effects.
Lysine is an amino acid and the only one for which a requirement in the horse has been established by the NRC. It is an essential amino acid, meaning it must be provided in the diet since the body cannot create enough of its own. Lysine is also a limiting amino acid. This means if it is not present in adequate amounts it limits the body’s ability to make protein. Lysine is required for all ages and uses of horses, but it is especially important in pregnant and lactating mares, young growing horses, and senior horses.
Magnesium (Mg) is a macromineral that serves as an electrolyte in the blood, as an activator of hundreds of enzymes, and as a participant in muscle contractions. A normal diet can meet the Magnesium requirements of most adult horses in maintenance. However, pregnant and lactating mares, young growing horses, and especially horses in moderate to heavy work have additional requirements for Magnesium. Because one of the clinical signs of Magnesium deficiency is nervousness, it is added to many calming supplements.
Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) is considered by many to be
"herbal aspirin" and has been used in humans for fevers, aches and
pains. The main active substance in Meadowsweet is salicin, which the
body converts to salicylic acid. Modern aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
is believed to have originated from Meadowsweet and Willow in the 1800s.
Other active ingredients in Meadowsweet make it a soothing, healing herb
for GI problems such as ulcers, cramps and diarrhea.
Manganese (Mn) is a micromineral crucial for proper formation of chondroitin sulfate and therefore healthy bones and joints. It is also essential in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Supplementation should be considered because not all diets provide the same levels of Manganese, it is among the least toxic of the trace minerals, and it plays an important role in young growing horses as well as active performance horses.
Marshmallow(Althaea officinalis) is an herb that has been used for
centuries throughout the world to relieve irritation and inflammation of
the respiratory, digestive and urinary systems. It contains mucilage, a
soluble fiber that becomes gel-like when wet. By forming a protective
film over aggravated mucous membranes, the mucilage in Marshmallow
soothes the sore throat and cough, the stomach ulcer and inflamed bowel,
and even serves as a "natural bandage" for skin wounds.
Methionine is an amino acid that contains sulfur. It is an essential amino acid, meaning it must be provided in the diet since the body cannot create enough of its own. It may be the second limiting amino acid, after lysine. This means if it is not present in adequate amounts it limits the body’s ability to make protein. Methionine can be converted by the body into another sulfur-containing amino acid, cysteine. Because the concentration of both these amino acids is highest in hoof and hair, methionine especially is often included in hoof supplements.
MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) is a source of organic sulfur which is required for
a number of functions in the body. Sulfur plays critical roles in the formation
of protein, connective tissue, immunoglobulins and enzymes. MSM is a safe and inexpensive
compound that may support healthy joints; a strong immune system; and resilient
skin, coat and hooves.
N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is a modified form of the amino acid Cysteine and a precursor to the body’s natural antioxidant Glutathione. Research in horses has shown that NAC specifically protects the mucosal lining of the GI tract against oxidative stress. It also protects tissues in the respiratory tract from damage due to inflammation and excess mucus production, and protects the liver from various toxins, including acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose in people and pets.
NEM®, a natural eggshell membrane product, is a unique, all natural joint support matrix that provides relief from occasional discomfort and supports normal mobility. NEM® is produced in the U.S. and supplies a holistic array of supportive components such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, desmosine, amino acids and peptides.
Niacinamide is a form of niacin, also known as Vitamin B3, nicotinic
acid, or nicotinamide. While these terms are often used
interchangeably, there are some differences in the activity of the
different forms. Niacin is used in a wide range of conditions in people
based on its cell-protecting effects especially in blood vessels, nerve
tissue, the digestive system and skin. The Niacin family also plays an
important role in energy production and in the synthesis of many
important compounds including proteins, fats and DNA.
Omega-3 Fatty Acidsare named for their chemical structure but are valued for their health benefits. In order for the body to function well, there must be a balance between the omega-3s (generally considered anti-inflammatory) and the omega-6s (generally considered pro-inflammatory). Unfortunately, horses that do not have access to grass may be getting too many omega-6 fatty acids from their fortified grain. To bring the ratio back into balance, many people feed flax seed to their horses, the greatest plant source of omega-3s. Flax seed is 40% oil, and nearly 60% of that oil is alpha linolenic acid, an omega-3 that can be converted by the body into DHA and EPA, which have additional benefits.
Pancrelipase is a mixture of three enzymes normally made by the pancreas: amylase, lipase and protease. Together, these enzymes break down fats, protein and starch in the diet into smaller particles which the small intestine can then absorb. Supplementing pancreatic enzymes is useful when the pancreas cannot make them itself or when the enzymes cannot reach the intestines where they are needed for digestion.
Pau D'Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa) is obtained from the bark of a
tree native to South America. While it fits best in the category of
immune support, it has been used for many years to manage a wide variety
of human ailments including infections, parasites, arthritis, diabetes,
cancer, diarrhea and others. Pau D'Arco contains many active
substances, one of which-quinones-has been specifically shown to have
anti-protozoal activity.
Pectin is a structural carbohydrate found in all plants, although some plants have higher amounts of pectin than others. It is classified as a fermentable fiber and prebiotic because animals don’t have the enzymes necessary to break it down into simple sugar--bacteria in the hind gut are required to ferment it into fatty acids for energy. Pectin is also classified as a soluble fiber because it attracts water and forms a gel in the digestive tract. This property has many benefits for people and animals such as protecting against gastric ulcers.
Perna (Perna Mussel, Green-lipped Mussel, Sea
Mussel) is a shellfish that naturally contains a number of active compounds that
work against inflammation and the destructive cycle of degenerative joint disease.
The unique combination of biologically active proteins, chelated minerals, glycosaminoglycans,
amino acids, nucleic acids and essential fatty acids work together to maintain healthy
connective tissue.
Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is involved in the production of certain brain chemicals such as epinephrine and dopamine. Preliminary studies suggest it may help reduce chronic pain associated with certain health conditions because of its proposed ability to block enzymes which break down endorphins. Endorphins are the body’s natural pain-killing and “feel good” chemicals. For this reason, it is also used in people with certain forms of depression but not in anxious patients because it may amplify nervousness.
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Phosphorus (P) is a macromineral that, like Calcium, is found in highest amounts in bone. It is also required for energy production and the synthesis of many vital compounds such as DNA. Because Phosphorus is present in high amounts in cereal grains, especially wheat bran, some horses receive too much Phosphorus and not enough Calcium then develop problems. To avoid this, first make sure the horse’s diet meets at least the minimum recommended NRC levels of both Calcium and Phosphorus, then make sure the ratio between the two is somewhere in the 1:1 to 2:1 range.
Potassium (K) is a macromineral commonly referred to as an electrolyte because it helps maintain the body’s acid/base balance and hydration status. Since it is the main electrolyte involved in muscle contraction, the highest amounts of Potassium in the body are found in muscle tissue, including the heart. Fortunately, most horses receive all the Potassium they need from their forage, and only need to be supplemented during hot weather or heavy exercise, to replace sweat losses. The amount of Potassium in the diet of HYPP horses must be closely monitored. Consult your veterinarian for feed and supplement recommendations.
Prebiotics are non-digestible soluble
fiber that serve as food for the probiotics or "good" bugs and stimulate
their growth. Examples of prebiotics are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin.
Probiotics are live microorganisms (bacteria
and yeast) fed to promote healthy digestive and immune function. When these "good"
bugs break down food ingredients that the body normally can't, they produce energy
and vitamins for the body, food for cells in the cecum and colon, and byproducts
that keep the "bad" bugs from growing. Research suggests probiotics are
useful in repopulating the intestine with "good" bugs after antibiotic
use and may benefit certain horses with diarrhea.
Psyllium is a plant whose seed husk is made of soluble fiber which is fed to horses for several reasons. First, it has been shown to increase fecal sand output and may aid in the prevention of colic, impaction, diarrhea and other problems associated with a build-up of sand in the colon. Second, it falls in the category of “prebiotic,” meaning it serves as a source of food for the beneficial bacteria that live in the colon.
Pyrantel Tartrate
the active ingredient in daily de wormers,
pyrantel tartrate paralyzes parasites and moves them through the horse's system
so they are unable to encyst themselves into the intestinal wall. 2.11% Pyrantel
Tartrate is the common percentage found in daily wormers.
Daily de wormers prevent infestation, stopping larvae and adult worms before
they have a chance to migrate out of the intestinal tract and do permanent damage.
With daily de wormer the manufacturers
also recommend ivermectin twice a year, usually in the Spring after the thaw and
again in the Fall. (Ivermectin should
also be used when first starting a horse on daily
de wormer.)
Quercetin is a bioflavonoid or plant-source antioxidant that appears to have especially protective effects on nervous tissue and connective tissue, such as collagen. In addition, it possesses strong anti-inflammatory activity, especially against the action of histamine, and may be beneficial for allergic conditions. It is used along with other bioflavonoids in the management of cancer in both humans and animals.
Raspberry,(Rubus idaeus) is an herb primarily used for its benefits
to females. Believed to temper the effect of hormonal variations, it is
used for everything from PMS and pregnancy/delivery to menopause in
humans. The active ingredients in Raspberry appear to normalize smooth
muscle tone in both the reproductive and GI tracts, relaxing muscle that
is in spasm and strengthening muscle that is weak, possibly leading to
contractions.
Riboflavin, or Vitamin B2, is required for aerobic energy production in the body and other chemical processes. Usually horses can meet the NRC dietary requirement of Riboflavin from a combination of fresh grass or alfalfa hay plus microbial production of the vitamin in the intestine. However, stabled horses with little access to pasture or heavily exercised horses may require supplementation. Because the family of B-vitamins works closely together within the cells of the body, if you supplement one you should supplement the others.
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Selenium is a trace mineral that partners with Vitamin E in the body’s antioxidant defense system to trap free radicals produced by exercise, illness and certain medical conditions. While some parts of the country have high levels of Selenium in their soil and therefore the plants that grow there, Selenium deficiency has been reported in 46 states. Therefore, most horses will need supplementation to meet the NRC requirement of 1mg/day for maintenance. For optimum immune function and exercise recovery, 2 to 3 mg/day is recommended, which is still well below the 5mg/day which may be the upper safe limit. Selenium Yeast, the organic form of the mineral, is better absorbed than inorganic Selenium Selenate or Selenite.
Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is an herb that has been used in China for thousands of years to increase energy and stamina, help the body resist infections and toxicity, and restore memory and concentration. Siberian Ginseng is believed to act as an “adaptogen,” a substance that normalizes body functions, strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a wide variety of stressful influences. This herb can be found in products designed to support proper metabolism and immune function.
Silica is the second-most plentiful element on earth, yet horses may not receive adequate levels from their diets because not all forms of silica are bioavailable and it is easily destroyed in processing. Research over the last 30 years has shown that silica increases bone growth and density while decreasing bone loss and thinning, maintains the strength of connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments, has a positive effect on wound healing, is required in cartilage formation and improves the quality and appearance of skin, hair and hooves.
Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva) is obtained from the bark of a tree
native to North America. Native Americans and later settlers used the
plant externally as a salve or poultice on wounds, and internally to
soothe and heal mild respiratory and digestive ailments. Slippery Elm
is rich in mucilage, a soluble fiber that becomes gel-like when wet.
This "natural bandage" helps reduce inflammation and irritation of mucus
membranes, aiding in the relief of a sore throat and cough as well as
ulcers and diarrhea.
Sodium (Na) is a macromineral commonly referred to as an electrolyte because it helps maintain the body’s acid/base balance and hydration status. It is also commonly referred to as “salt,” when combined with its partner
Chloride. Sodium is critical for normal nerve and muscle function, as well as transport of many substances (such as glucose) across cell membranes. There is very little Sodium in forages and grains, so it must be supplied separately. Because horses may not consume enough salt from a regular livestock block to meet their needs--especially in hot weather or during heavy exercise--it may need to be topdressed on feed.
Soluble Fiber
(See Prebiotics )
Sulfur (S) is a macromineral found in certain amino acids (
methionine and cysteine), certain
B-vitamins (
thiamine and
biotin), as well as heparin, insulin and
chondroitin sulfate. Therefore Sulfur serves major structure and function roles in the body. It is a component of proteins such as enzymes and of connective tissue such as hooves, bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Sulfur is also involved in carbohydrate metabolism, blood clotting and joint health. Horses meet their Sulfur requirements from their diet and only one incidence of toxicity due to excess has ever been reported.
Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD),
also known as orgotein, is the most important and effective antioxidant in the body
and is the first line of defense against free radicals that damage cells. However,
it is a delicate protein that is quickly degraded by the acids and enzymes in the
stomach. In order to pass through to the intestine where it can be absorbed and
used by the body, it must be coated with a protective layer.
Taurine is an amino acid found
in high concentrations in electrically active tissues such as the brain, heart,
retina and muscle. It stabilizes membranes and assists in the movement of electrolytes
in and out of cells, which is critical for proper nerve transmission and muscle
contraction. Taurine also acts as a detoxifier, is necessary for the absorption
of fats and vitamins, and influences proper insulin and glucose levels. It can be
found in supplements for growing horses, nervous horses and horses with metabolic
issues.
TêlaFIRM™ is a proprietary ingredient shown to support a healthy immune response, normal bone remodeling, and the synthesis and cross-linking of collagen and keratin, which are found in healthy joints, bones, tendons and ligaments.
Thiamine, or Vitamin B1, is important in carbohydrate metabolism and in the transmission of impulses along nerves (for this reason it is often used in calming supplements). The NRC has set a daily dietary requirement for Thiamine because, unlike most of the other B-vitamins, microorganisms in the intestine do not make enough Thiamine to meet the horse’s needs. Fortunately fresh forage and cereal grains are good sources of this vitamin. However, horses that are exercising or do not have access to pasture or fortified grains may need additional supplementation.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is most known as the major ingredient in
curry powder, but it is also believed to possess medicinal qualities.
The main active substance curcumin has effects throughout the body, but
primarily on the liver (relieves jaundice) and circulatory system
(dissolves clots). Turmeric is often combined with other herbs to help
them function better.
L-Tryptophan is
an essential amino acid that is converted by the body into serotonin, melatonin
and other hormones that transmit nerve signals in the brain. The effect of serotonin
is to increase the feelings of well-being and contentment, to calm and to soothe.
L-Tyrosine is an amino acid that can be supplied by the diet or made from another amino acid, phenylalanine. It is the building block of many important brain chemicals, or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. Not only is Tyrosine important to proper function of the thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands, its relationship with dopamine has led to its use in horses with anhidrosis (non-sweaters), Cushing’s Disease and narcolepsy.
Valerian is a “nervine,” or, an herb with specific actions on the nervous system. Its sedating effects can be so potent that it should not be used by people or animals taking central nervous system (CNS) prescription medications or undergoing surgery using general anesthesia. Valerian rebalances a nervous system struggling with restlessness, anxiety and, in humans, insomnia. Because it also relieves muscle cramps and spasms associated with tension, it is especially helpful in horses that process anxiety through their muscles.
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Vervain (also known as Verbena) is an herb
used for many reasons in people, but mostly for calming in horses. Characterized
as a "nervine," an herb with specific actions on the nervous system, several
compounds have been isolated from the plant and shown to have actions on nerve cells.
Vervain may help rebalance the nervous system of horses with nervous, excess energy,
helping them slow down and concentrate.
Vitamin A is well-known for its role in maintaining healthy vision, especially night vision. However, it is also needed for reproduction, immunity, and normal skeletal development in young growing horses and exercising horses that are remodeling bone. Horses must satisfy their Vitamin A requirement from their diet, but only horses on fresh green pasture or high-quality alfalfa are likely to meet that requirement. Horses on grass hay, horses with no access to pasture, or horses that are exercising or breeding probably need supplementation.
The Vitamin B family is made up of several compounds that serve many important roles in the body: protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism; energy production; proper nerve cell transmission; and cell reproduction and division (especially rapidly dividing ones such as red blood cells). B-vitamins include
Thiamine (B1),
Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Folic Acid (B9), and Cyanocobalamin (B12).
Choline,
Biotin,
Inositol and others are sometimes referred to as B-vitamins. For most of the B-vitamins, microorganisms in the large intestine make all the horse needs. Only Thiamine and Riboflavin have NRC dietary requirements. However, research suggests B-vitamin supplementation may be beneficial to stabled horses with little access to fresh pasture, heavily exercising horses, pregnant and lactating mares, horses with GI conditions that may interfere with normal gut flora, and any periods of stress (injury, illness, shipping, old age, etc.)
Vitamin C
(Ascorbic Acid, Ester C) is an antioxidant that works with
Vitamin A and
Vitamin E to protect the tissues of the body, especially those of the respiratory system. It is also important in the production of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments, skin and hooves, bones and teeth. Under normal circumstances, horses make their own Vitamin C in the liver from glucose. However, disease, transport, “heaves,” old age and endurance exercise have all been shown to decrease blood levels of Vitamin C, indicating horses undergoing these particular stresses may benefit from dietary supplementation.
Vitamin D (Calciferol) plays an indirect role in bone growth and maintenance by managing the levels of
Calcium (Ca) in the body. It controls the absorption of Ca from the intestine, the movement of Ca into and out of bone, and the amount of Ca excreted by the kidneys. While a minimum requirement has been set by the NRC, it is assumed that horses make all the Vitamin D they need simply by exposure to sunlight, which converts precursors of Vitamin D in the skin to the active form of the vitamin. However, horses kept indoors for prolonged periods, horses fed poor quality hay, very young foals or exercising horses that are remodeling bone may need supplementation.
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Vitamin E
(Tocopherol) is most recognized as an antioxidant that works closely with its partners
Selenium and
Vitamin C to protect the body from the oxidative stress of exercise, illness and certain medical conditions. Found in high amounts in fresh pasture, levels begin to decay the moment pasture is cut for hay. That is why any horse that does not have access to grass-- regardless of its activity level or health--should receive Vitamin E supplementation. Although synthetic Vitamin E (dl-alpha tocopherol) is bioavailable to the horse, natural Vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol) is better absorbed.
Vitamin K (Menadione) is necessary for the activation of proteins which play a role in blood clotting, bone metabolism and vascular health. The combination of Vitamin K from pasture or hay and that produced by bacteria in the large intestine is considered adequate for the normal healthy horse’s needs. Horses that may need Vitamin K supplementation include those with anticoagulants (dicumarol, coumarin, warfarin) in their system, whether accidentally or as part of medical therapy, with chronic liver conditions, or with disturbances of the GI microorganisms such as colic, diarrhea or antibiotic treatment.
White Willow (Salix alba) is considered by many to be "natural
aspirin" and has been used for thousands of years in humans for fevers,
aches and pains. The main active substance in the bark of Willow trees
is salicin, which the body converts to salicylic acid. Modern aspirin
(acetylsalicylic acid) is believed to have originated from Willow and
Meadowsweet in the 1800s. White Willow Bark may be slower to act than
aspirin and less potent, but it may also have fewer side effects such as
GI upset.
Yeast: (See
Prebiotics and
Probiotics)
Yucca is an herb native to North and Central America used by ancient and modern civilizations to relieve pain and inflammation. While it’s mechanism of action is largely unknown, active ingredients have been isolated from Yucca that have antioxidant, anti-platelet clumping and anti-inflammatory properties.
Zinc (Zn) is a micromineral involved in over 100 enzyme systems ranging from connective tissue formation and antioxidant protection to carbohydrate metabolism and immune system function. It is most recognized for its role in healthy skin and hooves and supplementation should be considered because amounts in normal feedstuffs may not meet requirements and toxicity has not been reported.
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